From the article; Erdogan S, Tuncer I, Ergin M. Pathology in
Turkey: A historical survey. Aegean Pathology Journal 2, 123–126, 2005.
During Ottoman Empire in 1827, Sultan Mahmut II had founded
Military School of Medicine & Surgery in İstanbul. It was the first
medical school in modern terms at those times. Although the teaching
was initially in French, the language then changed to Turkish in 1841.
Medicine in Ottomans had undergone an enormous evaluation, after Dr.
Bernard from Vienna School of Medicine became the director of the
school. A greater degree of knowledge on gross anatomy and anatomic
pathology had been achieved following permission given by Sultan
Abdulmecid to necropsy in 1841. The first official permission for
cadaver studies in Ottomans was given in 1842.
Pathology training in medical school was first begun with Ahmet
Hilmi Paşa at the end of the 19th century. Kırımlı Aziz, Ohannes
Tabibyan, Ahmet Ferit and Rıfat Hüsamettin Paşa were the other
lecturers of pathology in medical school up to the beginning of 20th
century.
Hamdi Suat Aknar (1873–1936) was supervised to go to Germany by Dr.
Robert Rieder for qualification in pathology after he graduated from
Gülhane Military Academy of Medicine. He came back in 1904 and had
worked for a long time in the field of pathology. He was an eminent
scientist and investigator and had published many works in Turkish,
German and French. He took part in the editorial board of “Acta
Canceroligica” and founded “Turkish Association of Cancer and
Research”. He also established the first pathology museum with 1800
specimens at Gülhane Military Academy. He died because of tuberculosis
and took his part in the history as the leader of pathology in Turkey.
He was awarded by TUBITAK in 1974 due to his great contributions to
pathology.
Pathology in Turkey – as in most other Eurepean countries – has
undergone a great evolution since the second world war. A group of
German professors was invited to Turkey from Germany in 1933 by Mustafa
Kemal Atatürk; founder of Republic of Turkey. Of those, there were a
number of specialists such as Nissen in surgery, Schwartz and
Oberndorfer in Pathology, Winterstein in Physiology, Frank in Internal
Medicine, Max Clara in Embryology, and Stary in Biochemistry. These
political refugees contributed a lot to found the University of
Istanbul, previously called as "The House of Arts", a modern
contemporary university. At the beginning, they had lectured in German
with simultaneous translation to Turkish. Later, the lectures were
given in Turkish.
In the meantime, the teaching of pathology had been undertaken by
two German professors; Prof. Siegfried Oberndorfer (1876–1944), and
Prof. Phillip Schwartz (1894–1978). Prof. Oberndorfer was the first
director of the newly organized “General and Experimental Pathology”
and on the other hand Prof. Schwartz was the head of the “Pathological
Anatomy” in the pathology department of the Medical Faculty of Istanbul
University. They both distinguished themselves by giving excellent
lectures and writing the textbooks of pathology in Turkish. Prof.
Schwartz not only had organized the microscopical examinations but also
focused on performing autopsies and organizing the pathology archive.
He trained many qualified pathologists like Besim Turhan, Kemal
Akguder, Ihsan Şükru Aksel, Süreyya Tanay, Perihan Çambel, Talia Bali
Aykan, Bedrettin Pars and Münevver Yenerman who had worked hard in this
field for long years.
Prof. Dr. Siegfried Oberndorfer (1876–1944) had worked in Cancer
Research Institute for 11 years. He was the author of many scientific
papers and a general pathology textbook. Sedat Tavas, Üveis Maskar,
Osman Saka, Sati Eser were the qualified pathologists trained by him.
He died of a mediastinal tumor in 1944.
Prof. Dr. Kamile Şevki (1906–1987) was the first female professor in
pathology and one of the assistants of Hamdi Suat Aknar. She worked
with Prof. Robert Rossle in Berlin University for two years and
appointed to Istanbul University as the first female pathologist when
she came back to Turkey. She was appointed to Ankara Numune Hospital
and founded the pathology department. This appointment lasted for 10
years. Afterwards she founded Department of Histology and Embriology in
Ankara University Medical Faculty. Prof. Sevki had worked on
“lymphogranulomatosis” and found a histochemical technique to stain the
granules of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla which was later
called as ”Sevki method”.
Prof. F. Perihan Çambel (1909–1987), had done her pathology training
at Pathology Department of Istanbul University, Medical Faculty.
Carcinogenesis and biology of mast cells were the the main topics that
she was interested in. She had worked as the chief of the Pathology
Laboratory of Ankara Numune Hospital between the years of 1946 and 1963.
Prof. Besim Turhan (1896–1973) had been the head of the Pathology
Department in Istanbul University after Schwartz moved to USA. He had
written many Pathology textbooks about general pathology, autopsy and
pathology of systems.
Prof. Necati Eranıl (1902–1989), who had finished his pathology
training at Gülhane Military School, founded the Pathology Department
of Ankara University Medical School. He is the author of two books
about macroscopy and the pathology of urinary system.
Prof. Süreyya Tanay (1901–1979), had done pathology training at
Military School after graduated from Istanbul University. He was one of
the leading persons who had founded the Pathology Department of Ankara
University Medical Faculty in 1948. He has three books on general
pathology and pathology of heart diseases.
Prof. Talia Balı Aykan (1918–2003) graduated from Istanbul
University Medical Faculty and completed her pathology training at the
pathology department of the same university in 1943. She had been one
of the assistants of Schwartz. She had completed her studies in USA
working with Prof. J. Furth and Prof. H. Goldblatt. Upon returning to
Istanbul, she continued her works on experimental pathology and founded
an experimental pathology laboratory and she brought the experimental
animals from USA on her return. Summing up the valued scientific opus
of Prof. Aykan, it is worth commenting on her series of experimental
investigations on brain tumors, rabies, cystosarcoma phylloides and
fibroadenoma. She was appointed with Prof. Melih Tahsinoglu to found
pathology department in Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty in 1967. She is the
author of three books about autopsy, kidney diseases and pathology of
tumors.
Prof. Münevver Yenerman has graduated from Istanbul University
Medical Faculty in 1942 and finished pathology training in 1945.
Between the years of 1951 and 1954, she worked with Prof. Gomori in USA
about histochemistry and made studies on diabetes mellitus. Upon her
return, she was appointed to Pathology Department in Istanbul
University and holded the chair position of pathology department after
the retirement of Dr.Turhan. She has published two books on General
Pathology.
Prof. Muharrem Köksal (1912–2004) graduated from Gülhane Military
Medical School in 1938 and completed pathology training at the same
School in 1945. He was appointed as an associated professor to the
Pathology Department of Ankara University. He went to England and
worked about cell culture and mast cell granules. Back to Turkey, he
had founded the Pathology Department of Hacettepe University Medical
Faculty in 1963. He had been the rector of Ataturk University (Erzurum)
for five months in 1964. He had taken an important role in the
discipline of pathology during his life and trained so many qualified
pathologists. He had written textbooks about oncology and pathology of
gastrointestinal system.
With the explosive expansion of new Medical Faculties throughout the
country, many new pathology departments were founded. Some of those
were headed by numerous qualified pathologists such as Prof. Necati
Eranıl at the Pathology Department of Ankara University Medical
Faculty, Prof. Kemal Akgüder at the Pathology Department of Aegean
Medical Faculty in 1956, Prof. Muharrem Köksal at the Pathology
Department of Hacettepe Medical Faculty in 1963, Prof. Talia Balı Aykan
and Prof. Dr. Melih Tahsinoğlu at the Pathology Department of
Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty in 1967; by Prof. Arif Hikmet Yüksel at the
Pathology Department of Çukurova University Medical Faculty in 1972. To
the best of our knowledge, currently pathology departments in Turkey
locate at 2 military, 40 government and 5 foundation medical faculties
and at many teaching hospitals affiliated to the Ministry of Health
with Pathology Departments and the overall number of pathologists is
around 1500.
It is obvious that the vigor of pathology in Turkey is demonstrated
by the strength of the pathology societies, the potent influence of
their activities, and the size of the attendance at their meetings.
Regionally, there are four major general pathology societies: Turkish
Society of Pathology, Ankara Pathology Society, Cukurova Pathology
Society and Aegean Pathology Society. In addition, two subspeciality
societies in pathology exist: Turkish Society of Cytopathology and
Pediatric and Perinatal Pathology Society.
During the period of last 164 years, the Pathology in Turkey has
achieved tremendous qualitative and quantitative revolutions. Turkish
pathologists having wide-vision, universal and scientific features on
education, research and practical expertise in specific areas have been
working in different fields of pathology.
Today, the contemporary level of pathology that we have reached, is
the result of the great studies of the leaders in the development
discipline of pathology and the mile-stone scientists of the Republic
of Turkiye. We commemorate all pathologists with respect for their
contributions to pathology in Turkey. Their great creations and
memories will be living with us forever.
|
The founders and the foundation years of the Pathology departments of some of the University and Teaching Hospitals. |
|
Pathology Departments |
Founders |
Year |
|
Gülhane Military Medical School |
Dr. Hamdi Suat Aknar |
1904 |
|
Istanbul University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Philip Schwartz, Dr. Siegfried Oberndorfer |
1933 |
|
Ankara Numune Hospital |
Dr. Kamile Şevki |
1935 |
|
Haydarpaşa Numune Teaching and Research Hospital |
Dr. Muammer Yenerman |
1944 |
|
Ankara University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Necati Eranıl, Dr. Süreyya Tanay |
1948 |
|
Ege University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Kemaleddin Akgüder |
1955 |
|
Oncology Hospital, Ankarai |
Dr. Necati Eranıl |
1957 |
|
Hacettepe University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Muharrem Köksal |
1963 |
|
Atatürk University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Recai İlcayto |
1964 |
|
İzmir Ataturk Teaching and Research Hospital |
Dr. Ayhan Kara |
1964 |
|
İstanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty |
Dr. Talia Bali Aykan, Dr. Melih Tahsinoğlu |
1967 |
|
Çukurova University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Arif Hikmet Yüksel |
1972 |
|
Dicle University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Recai İlcayto |
1973 |
|
SSK Tepecik Hospital, İzmir |
Dr. Turan Genç |
1974 |
|
EErciyes University, Medical School |
Dr. Bedri Kandemir, Dr. Mehmet Külahçı |
1975 |
|
Okmeydanı SSK, Istanbul |
Dr. Türkan Özgönül |
1975 |
|
UUludağ University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Oktan Erol, Dr. Ali Rıza Karaca |
1976 |
|
Akdeniz University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Kadri Bacacı |
1976 |
|
Cumhuriyet University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Şerefettin Canda, Dr. Tülay Canda |
1977 |
|
Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Kemal Bayrı |
1977 |
|
19 Mayıs University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Yüksel Alvur |
1979 |
|
Dokuz Eylül University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Şerefettin Canda, Dr. Tülay Canda |
1979 |
|
Gazi University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Cansen Çakalır |
1980 |
|
Taksim Teaching and Research Hospital, İstanbul |
Dr. Bilgin Aksoy |
1984 |
|
Marmara University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Ümit İnce |
1986 |
|
Selcuk University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Osman Yılmaz |
1986 |
|
Gaziantep University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Coşkun Özsaraç |
1987 |
|
Trakya University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Kemal Kutlu |
1983 |
|
Karadeniz Technic University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Yavuz Özoran |
1983 |
|
Fırat University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Ayşe Zuhal Yumbul |
1988 |
|
İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi |
Dr. Hüseyin Üstün |
1988 |
|
Behcet Uz Hastanesi, Izmir |
Dr. Necmettin Özdemir |
1988 |
|
Kartal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul |
Dr. Nusret Erdoğan |
1989 |
|
100.Yıl University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Serdar Uğraş, Dr. Hüsniye Dilek, Dr. Emel Akman |
1994 |
|
Harran University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Muharrem Bitiren |
1995 |
|
Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Saliha Soydan |
1995 |
|
Kocaeli University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Cengiz Erçin |
1995 |
|
Pamukkale University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Ender Düzcan, Dr. Neşe (Çallı) Demirkan |
1995 |
|
Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Sema Hilal Koral |
1995 |
|
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi |
Dr. Gülsen Aydın |
1996 |
|
Mersin University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Ayşe Polat, Dr. Özlem Aydın |
1998 |
|
Kırıkkale University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Önder Bozdoğan |
1998 |
|
Abant İzzet Baysal University, Düzce Medical Faculty |
Dr. Murat Alper |
1998 |
|
Sütçü İmam University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Sevgi Bakariş |
1999 |
|
Karaelmas University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Gamze Numanoğlu |
2000 |
|
Abant İzzet Baysal University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Çetin Boran |
2002 |
|
Mustafa Kemal University, Medical Faculty |
Dr. Esin Atik |
2003 |
